The Great Irish Famine Was a Turning Point in History

In the early 1800s, the impoverished and rapidly-growing rural population of Ireland had become almost totally dependent on one crop. Only the potato could produce enough food to sustain families farming the tiny plots of land the Irish peasants had been forced onto by British landlords. The lowly potato was an agricultural marvel, but staking the lives of an entire population on it was enormously risky. Sporadic potato crop failures had plagued Ireland in the 1700s and early 1800s. In the mid-1840s, a blight caused by a fungus struck potato plants across all of Ireland. The failure of essentially the entire potato crop for several years led to unprecedented disaster. Both Ireland and America would be changed forever. The Irish Potato Famine The Irish Potato Famine, which in Ireland became known as The Great Hunger, was a turning point in Irish history. It changed Irish society forever, most strikingly by greatly reducing the population. In 1841, Irelands population was more than eight million. It has been estimated that at least one million died of starvation and disease in the late 1840s, and at least another one million immigrated during the famine. Famine hardened resentment toward the British who ruled Ireland. Nationalist movements in Ireland, which had always ended in failure, would now have a powerful new component: sympathetic Irish immigrants living in America. Scientific Causes The botanical cause of the Great Famine was a virulent fungus (Phytophthora infestans), spread by the wind, that first appeared on the leaves of potato plants in September and October of 1845. The diseased plants withered with shocking speed. When the potatoes were dug up for harvest, they were found to be rotting. Poor farmers discovered the potatoes they could normally store and use as provisions for six months had turned inedible. Modern potato farmers spray plants to prevent blight. But in the 1840s, the blight was not well understood, and unfounded theories spread as rumors. Panic set in. The failure of the potato harvest in 1845 was repeated the following year, and again in 1847. Social Causes In the early 1800s, a large part of the Irish population lived as impoverished tenant farmers, generally in debt to British landlords. The need to survive on small plots of rented land created the perilous situation where vast numbers of people depended on the potato crop for survival. Historians have long noted that while Irish peasants were forced to subsist on potatoes, other crops were being grown in Ireland, and food was exported for market in England and elsewhere. Beef cattle raised in Ireland were also exported for English tables. British Government Reaction The response of the British government to the calamity in Ireland has long been a focus of controversy. Government relief efforts were launched, but they were largely ineffective. More modern commentators have noted that economic doctrine in 1840s Britain generally accepted that poor people were bound to suffer and government intervention was not warranted. The issue of English culpability in the catastrophe in Ireland made headlines in the 1990s, during commemorations marking the 150th anniversary of the Great Famine. Britains then-Prime Minister Tony Blair expressed regret over Englands role during commemorations of the 150th anniversary of the famine. The New York Times reported at the time that Mr. Blair stopped short of making a full apology on behalf of his country. Devastation It is impossible to determine precise numbers of the dead from starvation and disease during the Potato Famine. Many victims were buried in mass graves, their names unrecorded. It has been estimated that at least half a million Irish tenants were evicted during the famine years. In some places, particularly in the west of Ireland, entire communities simply ceased to exist. The residents either died, were driven off the land, or chose to find a better life in America. Leaving Ireland Irish immigration to America proceeded at a modest pace in the decades before the Great Famine. It has been estimated that only 5,000 Irish immigrants per year arrived in the United States prior to 1830. The Great Famine increased those numbers astronomically. Documented arrivals during the famine years are well over half a million. It is assumed that many more arrived undocumented, perhaps by landing first in Canada and walking into the United States. By 1850, the population of New York City was said to be 26 percent Irish. An article titled Ireland in America in the New York Times on April 2, 1852, recounted the continuing arrivals: On Sunday last three thousand emigrants arrived at this port. On Monday there were over two thousand. On Tuesday over five thousand arrived. On Wednesday the number was over two thousand. Thus in four days twelve thousand persons were landed for the first time upon American shores. A population greater than that of some of the largest and most flourishing villages of this State was thus added to the City of New York within ninety-six hours. Irish in a New World The flood of Irish into the United States had a profound effect, especially in urban centers where the Irish exerted political influence and got involved in municipal government, most notably in the police and fire departments. In the Civil War, entire regiments were composed of Irish troops, such as those of New Yorks famed Irish Brigade. In 1858, the Irish community in New York City had demonstrated that it was in America to stay. Led by a politically powerful immigrant, Archbishop John Hughes, the Irish began building the largest church in New York City. They called it St. Patricks Cathedral, and it would replace a modest cathedral, also named for Irelands patron saint, in lower Manhattan. Construction was halted during the Civil War, but the enormous cathedral was finally finished in 1878. Thirty years after the Great Famine, the twin spires of St. Patricks dominated the skyline of New York City. And on the docks of lower Manhattan, the Irish kept arriving. Source Ireland in America. The New York TImes, April 2, 1852. Lyall, Sarah. Past as Prologue: Blair Faults Britain in Irish Potato Blight. The New York Times, June 3, 1997.

It and Ethical Issues Questions - 2597 Words

Ethics and Social Issues Final Exam Essay Questions ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Essay Question: Rule Vs. Act Utilitarianism (Utilitarianism) Suppose that you were wondering whether you, as a doctor, should hug a patient who is in tears. Give an ethical analysis of pros and cons from an act utilitarian point of view. Then give an analysis from a rule utilitarian point of view. 2. Essay Question: (Case Scenario -- Utilitarianism) Suppose that Rosa moves away her children out of town because, based on the information she has gathered, she believes the move will be the best for the children and larger family in the long run and she wants to do her duty by them. Imagine the two scenarios. Scenario 1: The results of the action are†¦show more content†¦Why/why not? 15. Essay Question: Rights responsibilities (Children) Suppose that we said that any pregnancy, no matter how painfully produced, is a gift from the Universe to our human community. If, after a period of time in which the child is raised by birth parents alone, it becomes clear that, despite a strong bond between the child and caregivers, the cost/benefit analysis for the child is very poor, how should the other family, immediate community/larger society respond? Should the child be taken away from the parents? 16. Essay Question: Sexual Morality Ethical Theories Suppose that two gay men or two lesbian women wanted to get married, what kind of argument could a Utilitarian give on the subject? What kind of argument could a believer in Divine Command give? What kind of argument could a Kantian give? 17. Essay Question: Sexual Morality Ethical Theories Women’s and men’s sexual behavior is judged differently in most societies. That is, women are often condemned for sexual behavior that is tolerated, or even admired, in men. For example, women and men are judged inequitably on the number of partners they have or the conditions under which they choose to engage in sexual behavior. In extreme cases, the genitals of young African women are sometimes sewn shut to guarantee virginity (and other reasons). Can this inequity inShow MoreRelatedIt and Ethical Issues Questions2610 Words   |  11 Pages Ethics and Social Issues Final Exam Essay Questions ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Essay Question: Rule Vs. Act Utilitarianism (Utilitarianism) Suppose that you were wondering whether you, as a doctor, should hug a patient who is in tears. Give an ethical analysis of pros and cons from an act utilitarian point of view. Then give an analysis from a rule utilitarian point of view. 2. Essay Question: (Case Scenario -- Utilitarianism) Suppose that Rosa moves away her children out of town becauseRead MoreQuestions On Ethical And Legal Issues929 Words   |  4 PagesChapter Summary 4: Ethical and Legal Issues Chapter four was very informative and explain a lot about the legal issues and rules that are placed in the psychology field. The text put in perspective the importance of ethical and legal issues and how interns should be aware of policies. It also talked about confidentiality and release of information. It is very imperative that a client’s information stays private for legal matters. Ethical and law codes were created so that clients can have securityRead MoreQuestions On Ethical Issues Investigation909 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Issues Investigation Situation 2 1. What should Essex do? Essex should find out the proper reason why exactly James broke the law. Personal calls can be attended only in the break timings which the rule clearly states. 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Case Study of Alex-Free-Sample for Students-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss the Case Study of Alex. Answer: Introduction of the case The analysis is based on case study of Alex who has been working in the IT field for the last 10 years. He has been performing different roles including IT Manager, Business Analyst and Programmer. Alex has recently joined Initech Corp. in the post of the Production Manager of the company. The company already has an IT Manager who manages the network infrastructure and the server of the company. However, the employees are not happy with the working process of the IT Manager. The directors of the company are strict about the privacy issues of the company. The IT Manager has therefore imposed many rules regarding the use of the computer systems of the company on the programmers. The point of view of Paul is that the restrictions are necessary to prevent wrong usage of the systems against the interest of the company (Burmeister et al. 2014). The ethical, professional and legal issues related to the case The issues related to this case study are that the IT Manager of the company has restricted the employees from performing their own duties and restricted them from the usage of their own computers. The confidentiality agreements are signed by the employees of the organization before they join, hence the issue related to trust on the employees is hampered by the activities of the IT Manager (Clarke 2016). Ethical issues in the case related to the ACS Code of Ethics The decision of the CEO does not correspond with the following values as stated by the ACS Code of Ethics (Acs.org.au 2017), The Enhancement of Quality of Life - The company has violated this code of ethics as they are not trying to enhance the quality of life of the employees in the organization. The work of the programmers has been made more complex and this hampers their personal lives as well. Honesty The company does not trust the integrity and honesty of the programmers even after their agreement with the organization before joining it. Professional Development The company does not strive for professional development of its staff. The reason is that the company is providing hindrance in the work of the employees by not giving them any independence regarding their work process and thereby restricting them from achieving their goals (Ferguson, Thornley and Gibb 2016). Issues related to the Code of Professional conduct stated by ACS According to the Code of Professional Conduct as stated by ACS, in relation to the above stated values considered by the organization, the following points related to Information and Communications Technology (ICT) are applicable (Acs.org.au 2017), Code violated 1.2.2(c) The company is not trying to align their policies with the perceptions and the likes of the employees working for them and providing hindrance in their work process. Code violated 1.2.2(d) The company is not taking any steps regarding the improvement of the job satisfaction of the employees, their ability to achieve the goals and the way they control the process of work. Code violated 1.2.5(c) The company is not following this principle and not taking any actions regarding the motivation and encouragement of the employees. On the contrary, the restrictions that were imposed on the programmers was hampering their work process. Code violated 1.2.5(d) The organization is therefore not supporting the professional development of the employees and is not aware of the different needs of the employees. Code violated 1.2.6(c) The company is not taking any steps regarding the opportunities that are provided to employees based on their skills and they are prevented from achieving their goals and work in an independent manner. Recommendations related to the case study The recommendation related to this case study is that Alex should consult the management of the company regarding the issues of the programmers. The steps taken by Paul have restricted the work process of the employees and this can further lead unethical steps taken by the employees to protect their own interests. This can be said as the employees have already taken such steps like uploading and downloading the source codes. This can be prevented by allowing the employees access to their own computers and giving them freedom to work. The activities of the employees however need to be checked to protect the interest of the company. References Acs.org.au (2017).Search Results. [online] Acs.org.au. Available at: https://www.acs.org.au/search.html?q=ACS+CODE+OF+PROFESSIONAL+CONDUCT [Accessed 29 Nov. 2017]. Burmeister, O., Al-Saggaf, Y., Schwartz, M. and Johnson, L., 2014. Internet resources to help Australian ICT professionals identify and solve ethical challenges. ACIS. Clarke, R., 2016. Big data, big risks.Information Systems Journal,26(1), pp.77-90. Ferguson, S., Thornley, C. and Gibb, F., 2016. Beyond codes of ethics: how library and information professionals navigate ethical dilemmas in a complex and dynamic information environment.International Journal of Information Management,36(4), pp.543-556.

Modernization an Example by

Modernization by Expert Jayjay1 | 14 Dec 2016 How does modernization manifest itself in U.S. society? Need essay sample on "Modernization" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The concept of modernization is one that encompasses the idea of a shift in the type of economy and the location of the workforce. It involves the development of the society from farming and domestically driven economies to ones that are driven by industrialization and characterized by a large population of urban dwellers who facilitate the industrial workforce. This type of shift necessarily takes with it a high level of rural-urban migration. It also involves a shift from home employment to factory employment and the development of large organizations. Undergraduates Frequently Tell EssayLab specialists:I'm not in the mood to write my paper. Because I want to spend time with my friendsProfessional writers suggest: Get Your Essay Before The DeadlineCheap Essay Writing Service Write My Essay Custom Writing Custom Writing Reviews Cheap Custom Writing Service According to Max Weber, modernization is a phenomenon that is largely in opposition to tradition (Bellah, 1999). Social psychological theories have posited a certain relationship between the economic development and modernization of a country on the one hand, and the way in which its power dynamic is structured on the other (Inkeles, 1972). From the changes that occur as a result of modernization often follow certain socio-political trends that necessitate a shift in the relationships among those persons who live within that society. This shift has a significant effect on how power is exerted between persons who perform in different traditional roles. The manifestation is in a lessening of the close-contact social relationships between inpiduals (such as family members and religious leaders) and, conversely, an upsurge in what might be termed secondary relationships (such as employee-boss relationships). This has come about as a direct result of the modernization that has occurred in several countries, of which the United States is a major representative. What are the consequences of modernization? Modernization has necessarily led to the creation of large organizations which are often concentrated in dense urban centers. These organizations are significant in the positions that they hold within the economic sector. They represent the entities that control the major portion of the wealth created within the nation, and as a result, have tended toward the exertion of more and more influence over the actions of inpiduals who depend upon them financially (Inkeles, 1972). Because of their role in training people to fill money-earning positions, educators too have noticed an increase in their influence compared with that of parents and even religious leaders, and this has also occurred as a result of modernization (1972). As this has taken place, these same inpiduals have demonstrated that such primary relationships as parental and sibling relationships have begun to influence their lives and actions to a decreasing extent. It is this that has been the major driving force behind the shift of power evident in the post-industrial era of modernization (Zhang & Thomas, 1994). Is modernization a world-wide trend? While the extent to which it occurs does vary depending on the culture of the society, this evidence of modernization can be seen in all the developed countries and in many developing countries (Inkeles, 1972; Zhang & Thomas, 1994). The developed countries of the world all demonstrate an explosion of corporations and urbanization since the industrialization that occurred within the 19th century. Despite the distance between European countries such as France or Britain and the United States, the social, economic and geographic structure of the society demonstrates how modernization trends have designated urbanization as being the most practical method of facilitating the post-industrial explosion of co-operative commerce. What such countries also have in common is a wealth of inpiduals who break (or slacken) ties of proximity to their families in order to make connections within the corporate world. The influx of persons into urban centers has created such conditions in which anonymity is widespread and people are held less closely to the standards and traditions of their parents. Conformity, as a result, has become far less evident in the behaviors of inpiduals, especially the youth in developed and even developing countries. However, in such countries as China where political and academic leaders had already exerted a high level of influence over inpiduals, this trend has necessarily been less evident (Zhang & Thomas, 1994). Is modernization likely to continue in the U.S.? The likelihood of modernization to continue in the United States seems very high. The modernization trends described above have been witnessed in the historical development of the United States and much of the wider world. The future of modernization in this country can therefore be gauged from the progress of the power relations that exist between persons in this society. Modernization has also proven itself to be effective in the financial empowerment of not just the corporate moguls but also of the countless inpiduals that work for them (Zhang & Thomas, 1994). Furthermore, though many urban centers of industrialism do exist across the country, the nation cannot be said to be completely saturated, as still more persons exist that continue to make themselves available for employment within these centers. In addition to these persons, rural people continue to flock to urbanized areas. Also contributing to this continued trend of modernization is the fact that the resources within the United States that are used to facilitate this (though finite) have not yet been completely consumed, and non-indigenous resources can be obtained from other countries. In light of this, entrepreneurs are likely to continue creating new manufacturing businesses that will grow up into corporations. These are likely in turn to expand their operations into new areas that are likely to grow into new urban centers. Which theorist best reflects your perceptions of modernization? Max Webers theory of modernization as one that is in conflict with tradition does appear to hold up to scrutiny when viewed in a practical light. The breaking of ties with ones family that occurs on such a large scale in rural areas (upon inpidual migration to urban centers) appears to facilitate subsequent breaks with traditions of the family. Also, the distance over which parents and other primary relations have now to exert their influence does point toward a reduction in the power that such relations have over inpiduals. In moving from parent, home and town to the sphere of influence of (and to dependence on) of the industrial leaders (corporate bosses), people adjust their focuses to conform to the wishes of those who have the ability to influence their financial security. Educators too share this increased level of influence, it would seem, because of the emphasis placed on education for improving ones quality of life. While modernization is not inherently politically, socially, or traditionally influential, Weber seems to be right in his suggestion that the phenomenon creates a context in which those persons who have operated in traditional roles of influence lose their power. Yet it seems also to have created for the inpidual a situation of freedom and anonymity (especially in urban centers) in which those who choose may release themselves even further from those traditions that had once dictated how they live. References Bellah, R. M. Cultural identity and Asian modernization. Cultural Identity and Modernization in Asian Countries. Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Kokugakuin University.Available: http://www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/wp/cimac/bellah.html Inkeles, A (1972). Modernizing influences: Causes and consequences of inpidual change insix developing countries. Centro-Sociale, 19, 106-108. Zhang, J. Modernization theory revisited: a cross-cultural study ofadolescent conformity to significant others in mainland China, Taiwan, and the USA.Adolescence. Winter. Available:http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2248/is_n116_v29/ai_16477245/pg_1